Credit Reports

Credit reports are done by companies called credit reporting companies. They collect information about your history of payments on bills and loans. If a car dealer, bank, landlord, credit card company, or other business is thinking about doing business with you, they can buy a credit report. They buy the report from a credit reporting company. They do this to see if you are a good risk. Some employers do a credit check on you when you apply for a job.

It is a good idea to check your credit report to make sure the information is correct. If there are things that are wrong in your report, it could make it hard for you to get an apartment or job.

You must be told if a credit report has been used against you. Anyone who uses a credit report against you – for example, to deny an apartment, a job, or a loan – must tell you in writing the name, address, and phone number of the credit reporting company that made the report.

Once every 12 months you can get a free copy of your credit report from each of the 3 big credit reporting companies. The 3 big credit reporting companies are Equifax, Experian, and Trans Union. They have a central website, a toll-free number, and a mailing address so you can get your report easily. 

• You can ask for it online at www.annualcreditreport.com. Doing it online is the fastest. You get your report right away. You can also download form to fill out and mail in.
   
• You can call 1(877) 322-8228 to give your information on the phone and they mail your report to you.
   
• Or, you can send in a written request. Write a letter or use the form “Free Credit Report Request” attached. Make sure you give your full name, mailing address, social security number, and your date of birth. Mail your completed form or letter to:  

Annual Credit Report Request Service
PO Box 105281
Atlanta, GA 30348-5281

Or you can create a Credit Report Request letter online at www.lawhelpmn.org/forms.

It is best to get a copy from all 3 credit bureaus to make sure the information is accurate. This is important because one credit reporting company may have different information than the others. Make sure you mark on the form or write in your letter if you want a report from all 3 credit bureaus. 

Going through Annual Credit Report Service is the best way to get your credit report for free. Each credit reporting company offers free reports, but they also sell credit reporting products. It can be confusing to understand what you are asking for. You may end up buying something you don’t need. Especially if the reporting company collects a credit card number as a way to verify your identity. Other companies also offer to help with your credit report but many of these are scams or people trying to steal your credit information.

There are a few times when you can get your report free from the credit reporting companies. These are described in the next section.

Even if you already got your free annual report, there are times when you can get another copy for free. You can get another free copy if:

• anyone has used it against you in the last 60 days, or
• you are unemployed and plan to look for a job within 60 days, or
• you are getting public assistance, such as MFIP, SSI, GA, MA, or food stamps, or
• your report is wrong due to fraud, including identity theft

Free credit reports are widely available. If you have to pay for one, read the offers carefully. Each credit reporting company offers several products. This includes a combined report from all 3 companies. Often this comes with  ongoing monitoring that has a monthly fee. Be careful when paying for a credit report! 

To get your free or paid credit reports directly from the 3 credit reporting companies:

• call their toll-free number,
• go to their website to do it online, or
• fill out the form, “Credit Report Request” attached to this fact sheet and mail it in. Make sure to keep a copy of it for yourself.

Send the form or letter to the credit reporting companies listed below. You may also have to send a copy of a photo ID and a utility bill or other document that shows your name and address. Each reporting company has directions on how to get your free report. You should get the report in 2-3 weeks if you ask for it by mail. You may get it right away if you do it online. 

Equifax
PO Box 740241
Atlanta, GA  30374
1(800) 685-1111
http://www.equifax.com

Experian
PO Box 2002
Allen, TX  75013
1(866) 200-6020
http://www.experian.com

Trans Union
PO Box 1000
Chester, PA 19016
1(800) 888-4213
http://www.transunion.com

Remember: Your credit report has personal information. If you are using a public computer, make sure your information is erased when you are done to protect against identity theft. Ask the librarian or someone else you trust if you do not know how to do this.

Mistakes are common in credit reports. If you find a mistake in yours, do this:

1. Contact the credit reporting company in writing, by phone or report the mistake through their website. Tell them what the mistake is.
    
2. Give them all the information you can. Information like the name of the creditor, the account number, and the reason why the report is wrong. Each reporting company has a list of required information they need to find your account, so make sure you give details.
    
3. If you are in the middle of a dispute with a business, tell the credit reporting company and have them report it as a disputed debt on your credit report.
    
4. If you are mailing the dispute, send a copy of the credit report you got with your letter. Circle the mistake on it, and write next to it, “Please Remove.” Keep a copy of the report for yourself.
    
5. Send copies of any other papers that help explain the situation.
    
6. Date your letter or make a note of when you called. If you did it online keep a confirmation page or other proof. Make sure you keep copies of your credit report and your letter for yourself.
    
7. Also, send a copy of the letter and credit report to the creditor/business that gave the wrong information and ask them to stop reporting wrong information about you. For example, if the credit report says you owe money to Smith Department Store, and you do not, write to the credit reporting company and write to Smith Department Store. They may agree to stop reporting it. They might also give you a letter saying they made a mistake. Then you can send that letter to the credit reporting companies, so they can fix your report.

If the company doesn’t agree they made a mistake the debt will probably stay on your credit report. But it should say on your report that you dispute the debt. Send the credit reporting company a 100 word or less explanation and they have to include that with your report.

• The credit reporting companies must check the things you say are wrong. Usually within 30 days. They contact the company or person giving out the information – for example, an old landlord or creditor. The company or person has to check your evidence and report back to the credit reporting company. The credit reporting company must give you a written report of its investigation. If they change your report, they must also give you a copy of the new report.
   
• Your credit report lists all the businesses that got the report in the last 6 months. If you correct a mistake, you can ask the credit reporting company to send a corrected report to everyone who got the one with mistakes.
   
• If the credit reporting company won’t remove an item that is incomplete or wrong, you can send a statement of up to 100 words telling your side of the story. The bureau must put that statement in all future reports.

If the credit reporting company or the company reporting your information to them does not follow these rules, contact the Consumer Finance Protection Bureau (CFBP). You can contact them on their website, by phone or by mail at:

CFBP
P.O. Box 27170
Washington DC 20038 

(855) 411-2372
www.consumerfinance.gov/complaint

Note: It is very common for companies who report to credit reporting companies to do poor investigations. Especially when the company is a debt collector or bought the debt from an original lender. The CFPB gets a response from the company you are complaining about. Then they post your complaint and the company’s response on their website. The CFPB may also investigate and fine companies who don’t follow the rules because of your complaint. 

You can sue the company making the false report.

In general, a bad debt stays on your report for 7 years from the date your debt was charged off by the lender. They often make mistakes on reporting that date. This can cause a debt to be reported longer than it should be. But:

• They can report a bankruptcy for 10 years.
   
• They can report negative information if you are applying for $150,000 or more in credit or life insurance, or for a job that pays over $75,000. It doesn’t matter how old the information is.

No. Minnesota law says that medical debt can’t be reported to a consumer reporting agency.  

• If you have a common name (like “John Smith”), your credit report might list the debts of other people with the same or similar name. If you are named after a relative, your report might list their debts. You can clear this up by sending them proof of your social security number, date of birth, or addresses.
   
• It is possible that the business will refuse to remove the negative information because they claim you owe the money. If this happens, you might need to go to court to prove that you do not owe the debt. It is possible that you may not owe the money if the business was guilty of fraud, deception or broke consumer protection laws.

For example, if a car dealer lied to you about the mileage on the car when they sold it to you, then you might have a defense against the debt. You might be able to get it removed from your credit report. If you think that you might have a defense against the debt, talk to a lawyer.  

• Companies sometimes make a mistake and change the charge off date that is reported to the reporting company.  The reporting company uses this date to determine how long to report your debt. They may report it longer than they should if that date is wrong. For example, sometimes a company buys your debt from another lender. Because of that, they don’t know the right date. In that case they cannot make up a date and should not be reporting your debt.

Even if you agree that you owe the money, you may want to explain why. Maybe you were laid off. Maybe your ex-husband ran up a big bill right before you divorced him. Maybe you had a serious illness and no health insurance. Write up a statement explaining the situation and give it to businesses or landlords that are getting credit reports about you.

If you can afford to pay off old debts, you may want to work out a payment plan. To get help with this, call the Consumer Credit Counseling Service at 1-(800) 431-8157.

If you want to buy a house, talk to a home ownership program. They will help you work on your credit. To find someone to help, call United Way at 2-1-1 statewide or 800-543-7709. You can also send a text message with your zip code to 898-211 or chat online at www.211unitedway.org. 

In some cases, you should think about bankruptcy. Bankruptcy makes sense if you have no way to catch up on your bills, and your creditors are taking action against you – like garnishing your wages or bank accounts.

Watch out for “credit repair” companies that offer to help you hide bad credit or “create a new credit identity.” It is a crime to make false statements on a loan or credit application or to misrepresent your social security number. Some credit repair companies advise people to get Employer Identification Numbers and use them instead of social security numbers. If you do this to hide bad credit, it is illegal. In general, beware of any group offering “credit repair.” They may charge you money for bad or illegal advice or for things you could do yourself or with the help of a non-profit credit counseling service for free.