Naturalized U.S. Citizens: Proving Your Child’s Citizenship

If you get your U.S. citizenship and you are a parent, your non-citizen children also become citizens in some cases. This is called “derived” citizenship. BUT you still need to get documents like a certificate of citizenship or a passport to PROVE that your child is a citizen. This fact sheet tells you how to get these documents. 

This fact sheet does not give information about the process of getting documents to prove citizenship for children born in the U.S., children born outside the U.S. to U.S. citizen parents, or children adopted by U.S. citizens.

This fact sheet talks about forms found on the internet. If you don’t have a computer, you can use one at any public library. You can also call the agency mentioned and ask them to send you the form.

The child may be a U.S. citizen if ALL these things are, or were, true at the same time:

1. The child is under 18 years old.
    
2. The child is a legal permanent resident of the U.S. (has a green card).
    
3. At least one of the parents is a U.S. citizen by birth or naturalization. If that parent is the father but not married to the other parent, talk to an immigration lawyer because you may need more proof.
    
4. The citizen parent is the biological parent of the child or has legally adopted the child. A step-parent relationship is not enough for derived citizenship. Talk to a lawyer if the citizenship is for an adopted child because there are special rules about this.
    
5. The citizen parent has shared or sole legal and physical custody of the child and is living in the U.S.
    

If these things are all true, your child automatically becomes a U.S. citizen in most cases. Even if your child is now over 18, if all 5 things were true when they were under 18, your child probably became a U.S. citizen automatically. But you need to get proof of citizenship. You can do this by getting a certificate of citizenship or a passport book or passport card.

Note: If the “child” was born before February 27, 1983, other rules may apply. Talk to an immigration lawyer.

It is a good idea to get a passport and a certificate of citizenship for your child. This can help protect your child from problems later in life. But you don’t have to get both.

A certificate of citizenship from the Department of Homeland Security never expires. It is good for your child’s whole life. BUT, it does not allow your child to travel outside of the U.S. The certificate costs much more than a passport.

If your income is low, you can apply for a fee waiver so you don’t have to pay. It can be hard to get fee waivers approved. See our fact sheet Immigration Fee Waivers. 

It can take 2 years or more to get the certificate of citizenship. It depends on processing times. You can check the current times for Form N-600 on the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services website at https://egov.uscis.gov/processing-times/.

A passport from the U.S. Department of State expires after 5 years for children under 16, and after 10 years for all others. You have to renew a passport.

A passport is cheaper than a certificate of citizenship. You can’t get a fee waiver for a passport. It takes 11 weeks or less to get a passport.

Your child can travel with a passport.

• A passport card lets you travel across the U.S. border by land or sea, but you can’t travel outside the U.S. by air.
   
• A passport book has no limits on travel.

If you are the U.S. citizen parent of a minor child, you can help your child get a certificate of citizenship. You need to fill out and file Form N-600 Application for Certificate of Citizenship. If your child is over 18, they need to sign the form themselves.

If you are the child of a U.S. citizen, you can also file the N-600 for yourself.

1. Get Form N-600 online at www.uscis.gov/n-600.
    
2. You can file Form N-600 online if you pay the filing fee. Or you can send the paper Form N-600 with either a filing fee form or a fee waiver form.
    
3. Fill out the form with personal information about your child such as place of birth, age, immigration status, and where they live, and information about the parents.
    
4. You need to send these things with your application:
   • The filing fee. Find the filing fee amount by choosing Form N-600 in the fee calculator at: https://www.uscis.gov/feecalculator. You can pay with a credit card. You need to use Form G-1450 to do this if you are sending the paper form. The form is at https://www.uscis.gov/g-1450. If you are low-income, ask for a fee waiver. You can find the form online at www.uscis.gov/i-912. If they okay it, you don’t have to pay anything.
      
   • If your child lives outside of the U.S., you need to send 2 recent passport-style photos of your child. Passport-style photos have to meet certain requirements. Make sure the person taking them knows how. The USCIS website www.uscis.gov has a section about passport photos.
      
   • A copy of your child’s Permanent Resident Card.
      
   • A copy of your birth certificate and a copy of your child’s birth certificate.
      
   • Proof of your citizenship, like your naturalization certificate or passport.
      
   • Proof that you are the child’s parent, and the child lives or lived with you in the U.S.
     Examples of documents you can send:
     • custody orders
     • school records
     • leases
     • tax returns
     • welfare statements, etc.
        
   • Proof that you have or had legal custody of your child.
     Examples of documents you can send:
     • custody orders
     • divorce decrees
     • marriage certificates
        
   • There may be other documents you need to send. There’s a full explanation of what you should include in the N-600 instructions at www.uscis.gov/n-600. Scroll down to “Forms and Document Downloads.” Talk to a lawyer if you aren’t sure what documents you should send in.
      
5. File the form online using the instructions on the website OR send in the paper form. 
   
   If you send it by U.S. mail, send it to:
   USCIS
   Attn: NATZ
   P.O. Box 4088
   Carol Stream, IL 60197-4088
   
   If you send it by FedEx, UPS, or DHL, send it to:
   USCIS
   Attn: NATZ (Box 4088)
   2500 Westfield Drive
   Elgin, IL 60124-7836
   
   Sometimes addresses change. Check on the USCIS website at www.uscis.gov/n-600. Scroll down and click on “Where to File” then click on “Filing your Form N-600 by mail.”

• If you don’t have a copy of your child’s permanent resident card: check with any agency that might have made a copy. Like a school, the welfare office, a lawyer, or an employer. 
  
  If you still can’t get a copy, your child can ask USCIS for a copy of their immigration file. Do this by filling out a free FOIA request. You can find it online. It may take several weeks to get a response.
  
  You could also get a replacement card. You do this by filing Form I-90 Application to Replace Permanent Resident card. You need to pay $465, or apply for a fee waiver. See our fact sheets Replacing Your Permanent Resident Card. 
   
• If you can’t get a copy of your child’s birth certificate: you may ask 2 people who were there when the child was born to write a statement that they were there. This is called an Affidavit of Birth. 
  
  The Affidavit of Birth should give detailed information about the person writing it like name, address, immigration status etc. They should also write the names of the child and the parents, the child’s birth date and how they know your child and about the birth. If you don’t have a marriage certificate, the affidavits should also mention if the parents were married.
  
  The affidavits have to be signed in front of a notary.
   
• If you can’t find your copy of your certificate of naturalization: you might be able to get proof with a FOIA request for your immigration file (see above). 
  
  Or you can file Form N-565, Application for Replacement Naturalization/Citizenship Document. Find it at www.uscis.gov/n-565. You need to pay $555, or apply for a fee waiver, to ask for a new copy of your certificate of naturalization.
  
  Note: If you are over 18 and applying for yourself and your naturalized citizen parent is refusing to provide a copy of their certificate, call a lawyer. A lawyer can help you get a copy from court.
  
  You might be able to file Form N-600 even if you can’t get the permanent resident card of the child or your naturalization certificate. The Department of Homeland Security should have this information in their file. BUT, they can deny your application if you do not include these documents, so make sure you send them if you can.

Arrive Ministries: (612) 798-4332
Immigrant Law Center of MN: 1(800) 223-1368
International Institute: (651) 377-8642
Lutheran Social Services: (612) 879-5258
Minnesota Council of Churches: (612) 874-8605
Mid-Minnesota Legal Aid: 1 (877) 696-6529

Park Avenue Walk-in Legal Clinic       
(612) 752-6655
Thursdays from 2:30-5:00. Get advice from a lawyer. 

You don’t have to be the U.S. citizen parent to apply for a passport for your child. But if you aren’t, you still need documents showing U.S. citizenship of the other parent. The process for applying for a passport book and a passport card are the same. The cost is different. A passport for a child under 16 is valid for 5 years. If you are 16 or over the passport is valid for 10 years.

1. Go to: https://travel.state.gov/en/passports.html.
   • Scroll down to “Get or replace a passport” and choose age option.
      
2. Get DS-11: Application for a U.S. Passport. Choose if you want to fill it out online or print out a blank copy (PDF). Doing it online takes you through a step-by-step process.
   
   Or you can get a form in person from an application center. Many U.S. post offices, local government centers, and state driver’s license stations offer passport services. To find a location near you, go to iafdb.travel.state.gov or call 1 (877) 487-2778.
    
3. Fill out the form with personal information about your child like place of birth, age, parents’ information, and address.
    
4. Take these things with you to the application center
   • Proof of Derived Citizenship, including ALL of the items needed for the N-600 application. 
     These things can be proof:
     • A copy of your child’s Permanent Resident Card
     • A copy of your child’s birth certificate if you have one
     • Proof of your (or the other parent’s) U.S. citizenship like a naturalization certificate or passport
     • Proof that the U.S. citizen parent is the child’s parent, the child lives or lived with that parent in the U.S. and that parent has or had legal custody.
       
       Note: If the child already has a certificate of citizenship from the N-600 process, you only need that document for this step.
        
   • Current identification for both parents and the child if necessary (see below under “How does my child’s age affect the passport application?”). I.D. can be things like a driver’s license, certificate of citizenship or other government issued I.D.
      
   • The application fee (see below under “How does my child’s age affect the passport application?”) 
      
   • 1 passport-style photo of your child. Passport-style photos have to meet certain requirements. Make sure the person taking them knows how. The USCIS website www.uscis.gov has a section about passport photos. 

Children 18 years or older can apply on their own, following the steps above. They can apply if they got their citizenship through a parent before turning 18. They must apply in person for their first passport. The fee is $165 for a passport book or $65 for the passport card. It is valid for 10 years.

A child 16 or 17 years old needs permission from parents or guardian to apply for a passport and must apply in person. They have to bring written permission from one parent or guardian, a copy of that parent’s I.D., and their own I.D. to the passport application center. OR a parent or guardian can go with the child and show I.D. A passport book costs $165. A passport card costs $65. It is valid for 10 years.

A child under 16 years old has to apply in person at the application center. You and all other parents or guardians have to go too. You and the other parent/guardian have to show I.D. A passport book costs $135. A passport card costs $50. This passport book or card is only valid for 5 years.

If you do not have sole legal custody, and the other parent can’t or won’t sign Form DS-3053, you can give them a notarized statement  that explains why the other parent is not available. You need to use Form DS-5525. Examples of reasons why the other parent is not around to sign might be things like:

• there is an order for protection or no contact order, or
• you don’t know where the other parent is.
   

BUT the application agent who takes your form decides whether to approve it or not. There is no guarantee that the explanation will be accepted. Different application centers may make different decisions on the same application. The surest way to avoid needing the other parent’s signature is to try to get sole legal custody through a family court order.

You also need I.D. documents for the adults. These can be things like:

• a valid driver’s license
• military identification
• government identification
• passport
• citizenship or naturalization certificate, or
• permanent resident card
   

If you don’t have any of these I.D. documents, you must have some other form of identification AND a witness of your identity. 

That person must:

• have known you for 2 years,
• be a US citizen or permanent resident,
• have valid identification and
• fill out “Form DS-71 Affidavit of Identifying Witness” in front of the passport agent. 

You can’t get Form DS-71 online. Your witness has to go with you to the passport application center. The center has the forms there. 

If you don’t have your child’s permanent resident card or the citizen parent’s naturalization certificate, see above under “What if I don’t have some of these documents needed for the N-600?”

Call the Minneapolis Passport Agency if you run into problems or are denied. Also call them if you think your case is complicated and you want to avoid problems at a local application center. They specialize in expedited (fast) cases. The message when you call says you have to have urgent travel needs, but you don’t. Make an appointment. They charge the regular passport fee plus $60 extra. 

Minneapolis Passport Agency: 
212 Third Ave. S.
Minneapolis, MN 55401

1 (877) 487-2778

• 8 U.S. Code § 1431 – When a child born outside the US can automatically become a U.S. citizen