Orders For Protection and Harassment Restraining Orders

To get an OFP you need to get the forms, fill them out, and file them with the courthouse.  The courthouse you go to can be in any of these places

• the county you live in OR
   
• the county your abuser lives in OR
   
• the county where the abuse occurred OR
   
• the county where you have a family court case

You do not have to pay a filing fee.

You do not need a lawyer.

The rest of this chapter tells you the steps to take to get an OFP.

The form you need to get your OFP is the "Petitioner's Affidavit and Petition for Order for Protection."

• The Affidavit lays out the facts. You give basic information about yourself and describe the domestic abuse.  You do not have to put your address in the Affidavit.  You can ask the court to keep your address confidential (private). 
   
• The Petition tells the court what you want the court to do. You list the things you want the court to order in the OFP.  For more information, see “How can an OFP protect me?” in Chapter 1.

There are domestic abuse advocates that can help with the process. Their services are free and confidential. To find one in your area

• Call the DayOne Crisis Hotline at (866) 223-1111 or text (612) 399-9995
   
• Call the National Domestic Violence Hotline at (800) 799-7233 or (800) 787-3224 (TTY)
   
• Go to Violence Free Minnesota at https://www.vfmn.org/ and click “Get Help” for a list of organizations in your county.

There are 3 ways to get your forms. You can choose 1 of them.

1. Go to the courthouse and tell them you want to file an OFP.  A court clerk gives you the forms you need.
   • In Hennepin and Ramsey counties, there are special offices at the courthouse to help you apply for an OFP. This help is free.
     • For Hennepin County, call the Domestic Abuse Service Center (DASC) at (612) 348-5073 
     • For Ramsey County, call the Protection and Restraining Order Office at (651) 266-5130
        
2. Get the forms online so you can fill them out before going to the courthouse. 
    
3. Fill out and file the forms online using the court’s Guide and File interview. This program helps you create the forms to ask the court for an OFP.  It works by asking you questions.  It uses your answers to fill out the forms.  You can file your forms with the court electronically. Or you can print your forms and take them in person to the courthouse to file. 
   
   To start the Guide and File interview - this option is unavailable as of 2/19/2026
   • Go to https://minnesota.tylertech.cloud/SRL/SRL
   • Click “Ask for a MN Restraining Order”

There are two main parts to the forms.  After you give the court background information about you and anyone else who needs protection, you

1. Describe the abuse (Affidavit)
2. Tell the court what kind of protection you need and why (Petition)

1. Describe the Abuse - Give Details

There are many kinds of abuse. The court has to decide if your situation meets the legal definition of domestic abuse. Give as much detail and specific examples of what happened as you can. Say more than “they abused me” or “they became physical.” The more details the court has, the better they can understand what happened. Tell the court 

• When did the abuse happen? Use specific dates. If you can’t remember the exact date, tell the court what month and year it happened.
   
• Where did the abuse happen? At home? In your car? At work? 
   
• Were you physically harmed? If so, tell the court how you were hurt. Did your abuser hit you with a closed fist? Did they slap you with an open hand? Did they push you on the chest and you fell backwards?
   
• Did you have any injuries?  Tell the court about any bruises, cuts, or red marks.  Did you get a bloody nose or cut lip?  Is your arm sore from where they grabbed you? Did you go to the doctor?
   
• What did your abuser say? Use the exact words of a threat. Even if your abuser swore or called you names, you should still put their exact words in your forms. 
   
• What was their body language? Was their face red from yelling?  Were they standing over you with their hands in fists?

Here are two examples, one that doesn’t have enough detail and one that has lots of details:

• Poor Example: We were arguing. They screamed at me and I was afraid.
   
• Good Example: Last Thursday night, October 11, 2020, we were talking about our child. They screamed that I had better do exactly what they said or I’d be sorry. I kept backing away from them as they came closer. I was backed into the wall of the kitchen.They were standing so close to me I could feel their spit on my face as they screamed. I was afraid because about a month ago, when they said I better do something or I’d be sorry, they grabbed my arms and shook me really hard. Afterwards, my arms were red and sore where they shook me. I was really afraid they would hurt me again. I ducked under their arms and ran out of the house.
   

2. Tell the court what kind of protection you need and why

See "How can an OFP protect me?" in Chapter 1 for examples of the kinds of things you can ask the court to do. If you ask the court to do certain things, you have to have a hearing. Read the section “Do I need a court hearing to get an OFP?” in Chapter 1 for information for the list of protections that need a hearing.

Tell the court why you need the things you are asking for.  Be specific and give reasons for why you need something.  For example, if you are asking for sole custody of your child.  Tell the court why you want custody.  Is the child afraid of the abuser? Are you the one that mainly takes care of the child?

Custodians are individuals with legal or physical custody of a child or court-ordered parenting time. 

Even if you do not file your Order for Protection on behalf of your children, you are required to list any custodians of your children on your Petition. Those custodians are served with copies of all orders and notices in the case including your Petition. 

For example, if you file against a new romantic partner, your children’s biological parent receives notice that you filed an OFP. This can happen even if the other custodian or parent does not have parenting time with those children. 

Talk to a lawyer if you are worried that a custodian might file for custody or parenting time if they find out about the OFP. 

Note: A custodian does not include a parent whose rights were terminated.

Take the completed forms to the courthouse to file.  In many courts, the court clerk takes the form from you and gives them to the judge. 

If you used the online interview (“Guide and File”) to complete your forms, you can file them electronically.

Only a judge can decide if you get the OFP.

What if the court clerk or advocate tells me I can't ask for an OFP?
If a court clerk says you can’t ask for an OFP:

• Ask to see the judge and explain why you need one.

If an advocate or a lawyer says you can’t ask for an OFP:

• You probably still can.  They are likely only telling you they do not think a judge will give you an OFP.  You should ask why they think you should not ask for one.  Their reasons may help you fix a problem in your forms.  For example, the judge can only give you an OFP if your abuse meets the legal definition of domestic abuse.  You may have forgotten to include some information that meets the definition. 

The forms you fill out to ask for your OFP have to be given to the abuser in a certain way. This is called “service of process,” or “service.”  This means that someone other than you personally hands the papers to the abuser. The sheriff or police officers usually serves the papers. But adults―other than you―may be allowed to serve them too.

If you use the sheriff or police, there is no cost to you. But you may need to take the papers to the sheriff yourself.  The sheriff is usually located at or near the courthouse.  Give the sheriff all the information you can about where to find the abuser.  In some counties, the court clerk takes care of getting the papers to the sheriff for you. 

If the sheriff has tried to serve the abuser and they are hiding to avoid being served, you may be allowed to “serve” them by mailing the forms or publishing a notice in the newspaper. See below. 

If you have children, your children’s custodians will be served with a copy of your Petition and ex parte Order.

What if I don’t know where the abuser is?
You can still ask for an OFP.  If the court clerk says you need to know where the abuser is, you can give

• a last known address
• a friend or relative’s house where they might be staying 
• a work address 

If you don’t know where the abuser is and can't find out, ask to have the forms served in another way.  This is called “alternate service.” The court clerk or an advocate has forms to help you ask for alternate service. Alternate service means that you can give the abuser the forms

• by mail
• by publishing them in a newspaper

To serve by publishing, you have to file an affidavit with the court that says

1. law enforcement (sheriff or police) tried to serve but couldn’t because the abuser is hiding to avoid being served 
   AND
2. you mailed a copy of the petition to their last known address OR you don’t know any address for them. 

If you are having problems with service, think about talking to a lawyer or an advocate. They can help you do things you are having trouble doing on your own.  To find a lawyer call your legal aid office at 1 (877) 696-6529 or go to www.LawHelpMN.org/providers-and-clinics.

If you get an Ex Parte OFP, the abuser can ask for a hearing even if you do not.  The abuser has 5 business days to ask for a hearing after they are served (get the forms). 

If you do not get a notice in the mail, keep calling the court to see if the abuser asked for a hearing.  If you do not appear at the court hearing, the abuser can get the OFP dismissed. You lose protection. 

• If you asked for a hearing, it must be held within 7 days from when the judge signs the Ex Parte OFP. 
   
• If the judge did not sign an Ex Parte OFP, the hearing must happen within 14 days from when the judge signs the Order for Hearing. 
   
• If you did not ask for a hearing but the abuser did, the hearing must be scheduled between 8 and 10 days from when the abuser asked for it.
   

If you do not go to the hearing, the court will not give you an OFP.  Even if you got an Ex Parte OFP, it will not be any good if the judge schedules a hearing and you do not go.  

If you can’t go to the hearing, ask for a hearing on another day.  This is called a continuance.  The court only does this if you have a good reason. For example, if you are in the hospital or trying to find a lawyer to represent you. 

To get a continuance you need to contact the court, tell them you have an OFP hearing but want to ask for a continuance.  They tell you what to do.  Each court has a different way to ask for a continuance.  The phone number for your court should be on your hearing notice (the paper telling you when your hearing is).

What happens if the forms are not served before the court hearing? 
You still have to go to the court hearing!  If you don’t show up the judge could dismiss your OFP. 

If the forms haven’t been served because the sheriff or police can’t find the abuser, you can ask the judge at the hearing to have the abuser served by mail or with a notice in a newspaper (see Step 4). 

If the forms haven’t been served, the judge sets a new hearing date. You have to go to the next hearing to get your OFP.  If you have an Ex Parte OFP, the court should issue a new one to last until the next hearing.

1. Evidence: If you have evidence that you want the judge to look at, start getting your papers together. 

Evidence to bring to court can be

• Police reports
• Medical records
• Things the abuser damaged like a broken phone or torn clothing
• Screenshots of threatening texts, social media posts or letters
• Photos of injuries or damaged property too big to bring to court
• Receipts showing costs you had to pay because of the abuse.  Like a new lock, repairing the wall, buying a new phone or medical bills. 
• Videos of abuse (you need to write down what is said in the videos and bring that too—called a transcript)

Try to get certified copies of documents like police reports or medical records.  You need to ask the police or your doctor for certified copies. Note: Be careful when using your medical records as evidence. If there is anything people might judge you about like suicide attempts or drug use in any of the records, it can be used against you.

If you have any texts or photos on your phone that you want the judge to see, you need to get them off your phone for the hearing. This means you need to print them out. You can do this by taking a screenshot and sending them to yourself by email, then opening the email on a computer where you can print.

Bring 3 copies of your evidence to your hearing.  1 for the judge, 1 for the abuser, and 1 for you.

Make sure you bring them all with you. You can't bring things later or say that you have it at home and could bring it later.

If you need documents from someone else for the hearing and are having trouble getting them, you can use a subpoena to get them.  On the subpoena there is a place to list the documents you need.  Ask the court clerk for forms and how to do it.  You can also read about subpoenas below in the next section. 

2. Witnesses: Witnesses are people who saw the abuse or your injuries or heard you or your child being threatened.  See if you have any witnesses that can come to the hearing.  If the police or the sheriff were called, they can be witnesses. So can the doctor or nurse that treated your injuries.  If you want to show the judge a police report, ask the police officer who wrote the report to come to the hearing.  Police officers are usually very helpful and cooperative. 

It may be harder to get doctors or nurses to come to the hearing.  But if your injuries or the things you said are important to your case, you should ask them to come.  Make sure your witnesses know the date, time, and place of your hearing. 

What if a witness doesn't want to come?
If a witness won't come to the hearing on their own, use a form called a subpoena to make them come. You can also list any papers you want the witness to bring to the hearing.  Get a subpoena form from the court clerk as soon as possible. You need time for the people to get the subpoenas before your hearing. 

There is no cost for the subpoena form.  But there is a cost for the witness’s time and expenses to come to the hearing. You have to pay the witness $20 plus 28¢ per mile for their drive to the courthouse and back to their home.  You may be able to get this money back.

Fill out the subpoena and take it to the sheriff for service. This means the sheriff gives it to the person.  

• You have to staple a check or money order for the witness's time and expenses to the subpoena. 

Doctors, nurses and other professionals sometimes charge hourly fees to come to court. Record keepers normally do not charge hourly fees. You can ask the court to pay their fees if you can't afford them. 

If you can't afford the fees, ask the court for a “Fee Waiver” form to fill out. This form asks the court to lower or waive the fee so you don't have to pay. You can use the court’s online Guide and File interview to fill out your forms and file them electronically.  To start the Guide and File interview

• Go to https://minnesota.tylertech.cloud/SRL/SRL 
• Click “Request for Fee Waiver”

3. Practice: Read over the forms you filed to get ready for what you want to say.  It may help to talk about what you want to say with your advocate or someone else you are comfortable with before the hearing.  Remember to be specific and give lots of details. 

Use a checklist to help prepare your story.  Describe the most recent abuse first. See Chapter 2 for more on how to give details. 

Your employer can’t punish you for taking time off from work to get an OFP or to go to your hearing. Tell your boss at least 2 days before your hearing that you need to miss work.  Your boss must keep the information private unless you say they can share it. 

If your abuser might come to your workplace, give a copy of the OFP to your boss.  Let others at work like a receptionist or security guard know about the OFP. 

How you act in the courtroom can make a big difference in your case. Here are some tips. 

1. Arrive early. Check with the court clerk for the location of the hearing.
    
2. Pay attention. The judge or clerk announces your case before it starts.  Be ready to start when you are called.
    
3. Do not bring children to the hearing. Find someone to look after your kids while you are at the hearing.  If you do bring them, the judge will not let them in the courtroom.
    
4. Dress in neat and clean clothes. This shows respect for the court.
    
5. Be calm and polite with everyone in the courthouse, even the abuser.
    
6. Be serious at all times in the courthouse.
    
7. Don't say anything in the bathrooms or hallways that you do not want the abuser, or the abuser's lawyer or relatives, to hear.
    
8. Treat the judge with respect. Say “yes sir” or “yes ma’am” to the judge.
    
9. Speak clearly. Answer questions by saying “yes” or “no.” The court needs to make a record of everything happening in the courtroom.  They can’t record your answer if you shake or nod your head.  Do not chew gum or put your hands in front of your mouth.
    
10. Give details.

Do Not

• argue with the judge
• interrupt the judge
• argue with the abuser
• interrupt the abuser

Every judge runs their courtroom differently.  If you work with an advocate, ask what they know about your judge.

Many judges begin the hearing by giving the abuser 3 choices.

1. admit the abuse
2. deny the abuse, but agree that the OFP can be issued
3. deny the abuse and have a trial 
    

If the abuser picks #1, you get the OFP.  The court makes a written record of how the abuser hurt or threatened you in the OFP.  This option rarely happens. 

If the abuser picks #2, you get the OFP.  But there will be no “findings” of abuse.  This means that you have all the protections of the OFP, but there is no written record of how the abuser hurt or threatened you.

If the abuser picks #3, the judge holds a trial. Some judges schedule the trial later that day or on a different day. Some judges have the trial right then. You are not told beforehand if the trial happens right away so you have to be ready with your evidence and witnesses the day of your hearing. 

You can ask the court to delay the hearing a few days so you can find a lawyer. This is called a continuance. The court might not give you a continuance.  You should be prepared for a trial the day of your court hearing. 

Sometimes the abuser also files for an OFP, claiming that you have abused them.  The judge can hear both petitions at the same time.  If the judge decides you both abused each other, the judge can issue both OFPs. These are called mutual OFPs. 

Sometimes the abuser will agree to your OFP if you agree that they can get an OFP against you.  If the abuser does not file a petition, a judge can’t give a mutual order.  

Be careful! Only agree to a mutual order if you really abused the other person. A mutual order can make it easier for the abuser to call the police and have you arrested for domestic abuse.  Mutual orders can create immigration problems for temporarily documented people if the order says you abused the other person.

1. You present your case first. 
You tell your story after taking an oath to tell the truth.  Tell the judge why you need an OFP.  This is called your testimony.  Your testimony is based on the information you put in your forms.  Start with the most recent abuse and work backwards.  Even if you were physically harmed years ago, tell the court about it.  Tell the court about everything you put in your forms. 

Try to answer these questions during your testimony

• When did the abuse happen?
   
• Where did it happen?
   
• Who was there?
  • Was it just you and the abuser? Was anyone else there during the abuse?
     
• What happened?
  • Were you physically harmed? How?
  • Were you injured?
  • Did you see a doctor?
  • Were you threatened?
    • What did the abuser say?
    • What was their tone (how did they say it)?
  • What was their body language?
     
• Was your child there?
  • Were they hurt or threatened?
  • How did they react?
     
• Are you afraid of the abuser?
  • Why?
     
• Why do you need an OFP now?

Be as specific as you can.  Give as many details about the abuse as you can remember.  It helps to look at the judge and not the abuser while you are talking.  If you have evidence of the abuse, give it to the judge now. 

After telling the judge about the abuse, talk about what you are asking the judge to do and why. See “How can an OFP protect me?” in Chapter 1 for what you can ask for. Tell the judge

• why you should have custody of any shared children
• why you need child support for any shared children
• why the abuser should have no parenting time or limited parenting time
• why you need use of property and why you need the car
• why you need the abuser to pay restitution (money needed for damages)
• why the abuser should stay away from your home, work and the child’s school or daycare 

2. The abuser or their lawyer can ask you questions.
This is not a time for the abuser to argue with you or tell their side of the story. 

• Answer their questions truthfully. 
• Stay calm. 
• Stay focused. 
• Look at the judge. 
• Do not look at the abuser or their lawyer. 
• If you do not understand the question, ask the judge to ask the question again or in another way.
   

3. If you brought a witness, they tell the judge what they saw or heard. 
This is called their testimony. You have to ask the witness questions. They can’t just talk to the judge on their own. 

Examples of questions to ask your witness

• What is your name?
• Where were you on [the date of the abuse]?
• Who was there?
• What did you see?
• What did you hear?
• How was I acting?
• How was abuser acting?
• How was my child acting?
   

If the witness brought documents to show the judge, ask them to give the documents to the judge.

Sometimes there are problems with what witnesses say when they were not there during the abuse.  Sometimes there are problems with evidence such as police reports or doctor reports if the police officer or the doctor is not there.  Talk to a lawyer about these problems before the hearing if you can. To find a lawyer call your legal aid office at 1 (877) 696-6529 or go to https://www.lawhelpmn.org/providers-and-clinics  to look for help from other programs. 
 

4. The abuser or their lawyer can ask your witness questions. 
 

5. The abuser presents their case. 
The abuser tells their story after taking an oath to tell the truth.  The abuser gives their documents to the judge.  You have a right to see any documents they want the judge to see. 
 

6. You can ask the abuser questions.
After they are done telling their story (“testimony”) you can ask them questions. You don’t have to. 

It is not a time to argue or give your side about what they said. Just ask questions. If you don’t have any questions, that’s ok. The judge decides if the abuser is truthful.
 

7. If your abuser brought a witness, they tell the judge what they saw or heard.
 

8. You can ask your abuser’s witness questions.
You can ask the witness questions, but you do not have to.

After both you and the abuser present your cases, the judge decides if you get an OFP.  You might have to wait but if the judge decides to give you an OFP, usually you get a copy of the order that day. 

Sometimes the judge might need time to think about the trial and if you should get the OFP.  If that happens you need to come back to court later in the day or the next day to find out if you got the OFP.

If the judge does not give you an OFP, they should tell you why.

When you get the order read it carefully. If there are any mistakes, talk to the court clerk to find out how to fix the order. For example, if you see your address or birth date is wrong, tell the clerk right away. They will fix it and get you a new order.

Make copies of your OFP and always keep a copy with you.  Keep a copy in your purse, in your car, at work, and anywhere else it may be needed.  Police are more likely to arrest the abuser for violating your OFP if you have a copy with you. 

Think about giving copies of your OFP to your landlord, supervisor at work, day care provider, and your child's school.

You can appeal the judge’s decision.  An appeal is when you ask another court to review the judge’s decision.  This court is called the Court of Appeals.  Act fast!  There are special time limits that apply. 

Filing an appeal can be difficult.  Talk to a lawyer to see if you should file an appeal. There has to be a legal reason for appealing a judge’s decision.  For example, the judge did not follow the law.

For information and forms to file an appeal 

• Go to the courts’ website: https://mncourts.gov/clerk-of-appellate-courts/forms
• Scroll down to “Court of Appeals Forms & Instructions for Self-Represented Litigants”

Call the police. Police have to arrest the abuser if they believe the abuser violated (disobeyed) an OFP. They do not have to see the violation themselves. 

• Tell the police you have an OFP. 
• Show them a copy of the OFP. 
• Ask them to make the arrest.  

Once the police arrest the abuser, they are charged with a crime. The number of times an abuser violates the OFP and what else happens are put in different categories of crime with different lowest and highest (minimum and maximum) punishments (penalties). You might want to know this because a prosecutor (the lawyer that argues the case against the abuser) may call you to see what you think the abuser should get.  

Note: The judge normally orders less than the maximum penalty. 

Violating an OFP 1 time is a misdemeanor crime. 

• Minimum: at least 3 days in jail and ordered to go to counseling  
• Maximum: 90 days in jail and a $1,000 fine 

Violating an OFP 2 times is a gross misdemeanor. 

• Minimum: at least 10 days in jail 
• Maximum: 1 year in jail and a $3,000 fine 

Violating an OFP 3 or more times (in 10 years) or using a weapon when violating an OFP is a felony. 

• Maximum: 5 years in prison and a $10,000 fine 

Sometimes when an abuser violates the OFP, they also commit a more serious crime in the process. If this happens, other criminal charges might also be filed. 

You can also ask the judge in your OFP case to find the abuser in contempt of the court.  The court clerk has forms to do this.

No. But for your safety it is better not to. If the abuser comes in the house because you say they can, it is still a violation of the OFP. 

A protection order from a tribal court must be enforced if the protections are the same as an OFP.  Take a certified copy of the tribal court protection order to the courthouse and ask them to file it.  There is no cost.  You can go to the courthouse in the county

• you live in
• your abuser lives in
• where the abuse occurred OR
• where you have a family court case

Give a copy of the protection order to your local police or sheriff’s department. If the abuser violates the order, they will know to arrest them. 

You can sue the abuser for money if you have injuries, including emotional distress.  There may be other legal possibilities as well.  Talk to a lawyer about your options. Act fast! There are time limits that apply.

You need to ask the court to change your OFP.  This is called a modification.  Fill out the forms explaining what you want to change and why. Then file the forms with the court. You can get the forms here.

The court schedules a hearing. Go to the hearing and tell the judge why you need your OFP changed. If you don’t go to the hearing, the judge will not change your OFP. 

The decision is yours. You need to think carefully. Many times abusers say they are sorry, but soon the abuse starts again. The promise might only be words. Questions to think about

• Has the abuser completed a domestic abuse program or counseling?
• Have they promised never to hurt or threaten you before but did it anyway? 
• How has the abuser shown they have really changed? 

If you dismiss (stop) the OFP you can only get a new one if there is more abuse. You have to go through the whole process again.

You have other choices than dismissing the order. You could change the order to allow contact so you can go to counseling together. This would let you see each other without the abuser violating the OFP. But the other protections of the OFP would stay in place. 

You can get your OFP renewed if

• the abuser violated the order OR
• the abuser has harassed you OR
• you are still afraid of the abuser OR
• the abuser is about to get out of jail or prison
   

You do not have to show there have been new acts of domestic abuse. It does not matter if your OFP has already expired or if the abuser agreed to the OFP. 

Even if the criminal court did not charge and convict your abuser with a violation of your OFP, you can still ask the Court to extend your OFP. You still need to prove that your OFP was violated, but there doesn’t have to be a criminal conviction.

The court can make the OFP last for up to 50 years if

• you have had 2 or more OFPs against the abuser OR
• the abuser has violated the OFP 2 or more times
   

If you applied for a 50-year OFP for a minor, they need to apply again on their own when they turn 18.

The OFP is good even if you move.  Think about giving the court and your local police department your new address.  Make sure to tell them your address is confidential.  If you don’t tell them it is confidential, the abuser might be able to get your new address.

Ask for a certified copy of your OFP from the court that issued it.  Take the certified copy to the courthouse in the county you live or work in.  Ask to file or register it as a “foreign judgment.”  The law requires other states to recognize and enforce your OFP once you file it.

You can legally break your lease if you have been a victim of domestic violence, sexual assault, or stalking.  You must

1. Give the landlord
   • A copy of an OFP or HRO
     AND
   • A signed and dated letter saying these things
     -- you fear imminent abuse from the person named in the order
     -- you need to end your lease
     -- the date you will leave
     -- what you want the landlord to do with your stuff
     
     You can see a sample “Notice to end lease due to fear of violence (Minn. Stat. § 504B.206)”.
      
2. Pay rent for the month you move out. You lose your security deposit. The landlord keeps it in return for letting you break the lease.

If you don’t have (or don’t want to get) an OFP or HRO, you can give your landlord a letter that says you have been a victim of domestic violence, sexual assault, or stalking. You can see a sample “Statement by qualified third party (Minn. Stat. § 504B.206)”.

This letter must be from

• a court
• law enforcement
• a licensed health care professional
• a domestic abuse advocate OR
• a sexual assault counselor
   

If you have questions, contact a legal aid office or a domestic abuse advocate. To find a lawyer call your legal aid office at 1 (877) 696-6529 or go to www.LawHelpMN.org/providers-and-clinics to look for help from other programs.

For more information on breaking your lease, see our fact sheet “Victims of Domestic Violence, Stalking, or Criminal Sexual Conduct: Your Rights in Breaking Your Lease”

“Harassment” means acts, words or gestures that the harasser uses that get in the way of your safety, security or privacy.  This can be

• threatening to hurt you or your property
   
• repeatedly calling you
   
• stalking or following you
   
• repeatedly mailing or delivering objects to you, or to others about you
   
• repeatedly recording you on film or taking photos of you
   
• repeatedly posting about you on social media like Facebook, Instagram, X, TikTok or other websites
   
• one time physical or sexual assault (harm), or
   
• one time sending your private sexual pictures to someone without your consent

A Harassment Restraining Order is a restraining order to prevent harassment. It is not a criminal case. It takes place in civil court.

Anyone can get a Harassment Restraining Order (HRO).  The relationship between you and the harasser does not matter.  The harasser may be a stranger, neighbor, or a co-worker. 

A parent or stepparent can get a harassment order for a child, if the child is being harassed.

If someone is harassing you, sometimes it helps if you first tell them to stop by sending a text or email.  Keep a copy of how you told them to stop.  Write down any time you told the harasser to stop verbally. 

For an OFP, the abuser must be family, you must have lived with them, or you must have a child together or a significant romantic relationship.  For an HRO, the relationship between you and the harasser does not matter.  If you have the kind of relationship you need to get an OFP, you should apply for an OFP.

Some behaviors do not meet the legal definition of domestic abuse but do meet the definition of harassment.  For example, your ex-boyfriend calls you over and over saying he is going to take custody of your child.  If it annoys you that his calls don’t stop, it is harassment.  If his calls make you afraid of being harmed, it is domestic abuse.

The court can order the harasser not to contact you and your family.  It allows the police to arrest the harasser without a warrant.  The HRO can last for 2 years, or longer if the harasser has violated restraining orders before. 

To get an HRO you need to get the forms, fill them out, and file them with the courthouse.  The courthouse can be in the county

• you live in OR
• your harasser lives in OR  
• where the harassment occurred

You do not need a lawyer.

There is a filing fee for applying for an HRO.  But the court can waive the fee or lower the fee if

• you have a low income and can’t afford to pay the fees.  
  
  Ask the court for a "Fee Waiver." This form asks the court to lower the fee or waive it so you don't have to pay. You can use the court’s online Guide and File interview to fill out your forms and file them electronically.  To start the Guide and File interview:
  • Go to https://minnesota.tylertech.cloud/SRL/SRL
  • Click “Request for Fee Waiver”

                OR

• what your harasser did to you is a crime.  
  
  You can ask the court clerk for a list of the crimes.  Some of them are
  • stalking, following, or monitoring you    
  • an illegal act with the purpose of injuring you or destroying your property
  • trespassing — being at your home without your permission
  • repeatedly calling or texting you
  • sexual assault
  • sexual contact with a minor        
     

STEP 1: Get the Forms
The forms you need to get your HRO are the "Petitioner's Affidavit and Petition for Harassment Restraining Order" and “Law Enforcement Information Sheet.” If you have a low income, you can also ask for a fee waiver form.

• The Affidavit is a statement of facts. You give basic information about yourself and you describe the harassment. You do not have to put your address in the affidavit.  You can ask the court to keep your address confidential (private). 
   
• The Petition tells the court what you want the court to do. You list the things you want the court to order in the HRO.
   
• The Information Sheet helps police or sheriff’s department find the harasser.  They need to find the harasser to serve them with your forms. 
   

There are 3 ways to get your forms. You can choose one.

1. Go to the courthouse or tell them you want to file an HRO. A court clerk gives you the forms you need.
   • In Ramsey County, there is a special office at the courthouse to help you apply for an HRO.  Call the Protection and Restraining Order Office at (651) 266-5130.
      
2. Get the forms online so you can fill them out before going to the courthouse.
    
3. Fill out and file the forms online using the court’s Guide and File interview. 
   
   This program helps you create the forms to ask the court for an HRO.  It works by asking you questions.  It uses your answers to fill out the forms.  You can file your forms with the court electronically. Or you can print your forms and take them in person to the courthouse to file. 
   
   To start the Guide and File interview
   • Go to https://minnesota.tylertech.cloud/SRL/SRL
   • Click “Ask for a MN Restraining Order”
      

STEP 2: Filling Out the Forms
There are many kinds of harassment.  The court has to decide if your situation meets the legal definition of harassment. Give as much detail and specific examples of the harassment as you can.  The more details the court has, the better they can understand what happened.  The court can only look at the information in your forms to decide if you should get an HRO.

In your forms, tell the court

• When did the harassment happen? Use specific dates.  If you can’t remember the exact date, tell the court what month or day of the week.
   
• What was the harassment?  Say more than “he followed me” or “she called a lot.”  Instead tell the court specific details.  For example
  • I saw him sitting in his car outside my house every day for the last 5 days.  He also followed me to work yesterday and sat in his car all day until I was done working. 
  • Since October 15, 2020, she calls me over and over at least 15 times per day.  She called me 26 times yesterday.
     
• What did the harasser say? Use the exact words of a threat.  Even if your harasser swore or called you names, you should still put their exact words in your forms
   

STEP 3: File the Forms
Take the completed forms to the courthouse to file.   

If you used the online interview (“Guide and File”) to complete your forms, you can file them electronically.

The judge receives your forms and decides if you can get no HRO or an ex parte HRO before the court hearing (see “Do I need a court hearing to get an HRO?” for more info). It takes 1-3 days for the judge to decide.
 

STEP 4: Arrange for “service”
The forms you fill out to ask for your HRO have to be given to the harasser in a certain way.  This is called “service of process” or “service.”  This means that someone other than you personally hands the papers to the harasser. The Law Enforcement Information Sheet you filled out helps the police or sheriff’s department serve the harasser. 

If you use the sheriff or police, there is no cost to you.  But you may need to take the papers to the sheriff yourself.  The sheriff is usually located at or near the courthouse.  Give the sheriff all the information you can about where to find the harasser.  In some counties, the court clerk takes care of getting the papers to the sheriff for you.

If the court does not give you an HRO and does not schedule a hearing, the harasser will not be served with your forms.

Not always.  In some cases, you can get an HRO without having a court hearing.  The court can give you an HRO “ex parte.” “Ex parte” means without telling the person on the other side of the case.  This is an order you get because the information in your forms shows there is immediate danger of harassment.  You get the order before the harasser has a chance to tell their side of the story. 

If you get an ex parte HRO, the harasser can ask for a hearing.  The harasser has 20 days to ask for a hearing after they are served (gets the forms). If you do not get a notice in the mail, keep calling the court to see if the harasser asked for a hearing.  If you do not go to the court hearing, the harasser can get the HRO dismissed. You lose protection.

If the judge denies (says no to) your request for an HRO, you can ask for a hearing.  At the hearing you need to prove the information in your forms is true and the harasser’s actions meet the legal definition of harassment.

You present your case first.  You tell the judge what happened and why you need an HRO.  This is called your testimony.  If you have evidence to prove the harassment, bring it to the hearing. 

Evidence can be 

• phone records or text messages showing that the harasser is repeatedly calling or texting you, 
• photos, 
• police reports,
• medical reports if you were physically or sexually assaulted

If you have any texts or photos on your phone that you want the judge to see, you need to get them off your phone for the hearing. This means you need to print them out. You can do this by taking a screenshot and sending them to yourself by email, then opening the email on a computer where you can print.

Bring 3 copies of your evidence to your hearing.  1 for the judge, 1 for the harasser, and 1 for you. 

Make sure you bring them all with you. You can't bring things later or say that you have it at home and could bring it later.

After you present your case, the harasser presents their case. This is their time to tell their story and show any evidence to the judge. 

Sometimes before the case starts, the judge will ask you and the harasser to mediate.  You do not have to make any agreements in the mediation. If you are afraid of the harasser, tell the judge. They might not make you mediate if you are afraid of the harasser.

Call the police.  Police have to arrest the harasser if they believe they violated (disobeyed) the HRO. The police do not have to see the violation themselves.  Tell them you have an HRO. Ask the police to make the arrest.

Violating an HRO is a misdemeanor crime.  Penalties (punishments) include jail time and fines.  The maximum penalties are 90 days in jail and a $700 fine.  The penalties usually are much lower. Penalties increase for the number of violations. 

You may also ask to have the court hold the harasser in contempt of court in the harassment case.  The court clerk has forms to do this.

Make copies of your HRO and always keep a copy with you.  Keep a copy in your purse, in your car, at work, and anywhere else it may be needed.  Police are more likely to arrest the harasser for violating your HRO if you have a copy with you. 

Consider giving copies of your HRO to your landlord, supervisor at work, day care provider, and your child's school.

Anytime you are physically or sexually assaulted (harmed), a crime has been committed.  It is also a crime for the abuser to violate your OFP or HRO.

Call 9-1-1 when the assault happens. If you call the police, ask them to file a report. Ask for a copy.  Anytime a crime is committed you can ask the police to file a police report.  If you did not call the police at the time of the assault, you can call them later and ask them to file a report then. 

Never assume an abuser will be charged with a crime just because the police were called, the abuser was arrested, or the police filed a report.  If you want the prosecutor to charge the abuser with a crime, call the prosecutor (the lawyer for the government) and tell them.  You may want to add more detail to the police report.  Let the prosecutor know you want the abuser charged with a crime. 

It helps to bring along an advocate or support person when dealing with police and prosecutors. Filing police reports and asking for criminal prosecution is difficult and stressful.  It can help to have someone there to support you. See the section “Where to Find Help” in Chapter 9.  

Having the abuser prosecuted for a crime gives you some protection because

• the abuser may be jailed
• the abuser can be fined
• the court can order no contact
• the court may be able to monitor the abuser's behavior
• the court can order counseling
• the abuser may receive treatment for domestic abuse or drug/alcohol use

If convicted of a crime, an abuser may serve jail or prison time. This does not always happen.  

You have the right to tell the prosecutor or the court what type of punishment you think the abuser should get. The prosecutor may think about what you want when deciding how to prosecute and in sentencing an abuser. 

The court system is one way to try to stop the violence. Violence does not usually stop without help.

If the police were involved, the prosecutor decides whether to charge the abuser with a crime. You can ask the prosecutor not to charge the abuser with a crime but it is up to them. 

The prosecutor might not charge the abuser if you will not testify. But sometimes they have other evidence and bring charges anyway. 

If the police were not involved, you should write down the abuse even if you do not want the abuser charged with a crime. This is helpful for 2 reasons:

• if the abuser gets violent again, you may need to prove it happened before
• if you are ever involved in court hearings such as OFP, child custody, divorce, or child protection, it may help you to show the abuser was violent in the past

Other things you can do

• Take pictures of any injuries. You can ask the police to take pictures for their report. You can have a friend or advocate take pictures.
   
• Take pictures of any damaged property. Keep the damaged property too in case you need it later to prove what happened.
   
• Keep the receipts if you repair any damaged property or buy a new one.  
   
• Get and keep a copy of the police report (if there is one).  
   
• Keep a log or diary of the abuse that happens. Write down each time the abuser assaults you, threatens you, or hurts you. Write down the date and specific information. 
  
  For example: June 12, 2020 - Chris pushed me into the bedroom wall. Said, “You're lucky I don't have a gun.” Left shoulder was bruised. 
   
• Keep any notes you write down and papers you collect where the abuser can’t find them.  

REMEMBER:  No one has the right to hurt or threaten you. You deserve to feel safe. 

You are not the only person who has ever had problems like this. You are not alone. There are people and laws to help you. Advocates and lawyers are available to help you. People who have worked to stop domestic abuse have found that getting an OFP and/or criminal prosecution does help stop the violence. 

A domestic abuse advocate can help you make plans for your safety, including thinking about OFPs or HROs.  Advocates help people that have been abused.  To find your local domestic abuse program

• Call Minnesota Day One at (866) 223-1111
   
• Go to Violence Free Minnesota 
  • Click “Get Help”
  • Click “Find a domestic violence program near you” 
  • Programs are listed alphabetically by county